Branding, Pricing and Distribution

The name of the company is JAL Global club. It is recognized to be an exclusive club that is committed to the JAL Group's most practiced and precious travelers. The product is termed to be very much effective just to carry upon business practices incessantly. The product of the company is providing effective lounges, baggages and quality treatment for the regular travelers. The domestic and global product branding strategy is termed to be very much effective just to make conditions highly well-versed and better than before. The club duly feels to maintain effective brand just to make clients informed regarding the same. This merely demands of looking forward for maintaining such brand image that offers a sense of satisfaction to the intended audience. The branding strategy is said to be highly effective and it supports the business to raise its effectiveness domestically and internationally. Most prominently, the aim, is just to offer best possible and well-versed products and services that are said to allure customers attention at its best possible manner. This would make sure that the business is growing and flourishing with due smoothness (Burrow, 2008). The pricing strategy so considered by the company is optimum and effective in nature. It primarily sees to it that the running conditions are supposed to be made highly supportive just to meet customer’s expectations. There stays great need to go for carrying upon business growth and progression hopefully. Pricing strategy so developed by the company is said to be very much effective just to make it in reach of the clients. Not only this, the customer’s attention needs to be made grabbed at its largest. It is surely going to influence the clients to have products and services at its best possible manner. The aim is just to go for seeing to it that the running conditions are supposed to be made managed and understood as well. All what is being demanded is just to carry upon business practices with proper effectiveness. The pricing strategy is affordable and carries effective and unique features that leads to make clients very much pleased and satisfied. The pricing strategy is said to support the branding strategy. This greater demands for seeing to it that the running conditions are expected to be made managed and hopeful. At the same time, the pricing strategy forms an effective coalition with the branding strategy. It is must go about locating far better opportunities just to make customers influenced. This tends to be very much effective just to execute business practices at its largest possible manner. This is surely going to help the organization maintain its presence in its highest possible way. Pricing strategy and branding are this much effective that attracts customer’s audience. It means a lot just to get allured towards customers with the help of offering them with unique and top-notch products. The running conditions are supposed to be made hopeful and understandable as well. The aim is just to go for carrying upon business growth and development incessantly. In this way, the customer’s attention can also be grabbed with proper effectiveness. It appears to be very much well-versed just to make sure that the business growth would be made out hopeful and better than before (Burrow, 2008). The distribution channel analysis is made out identifying the wholesaler, distributor, and retailer relationships including e-Commerce as well. All these altogether are termed to be very much effective just to make product’s accessibility very much more effective. The company is expected to go about assessing distributor’s relationships just to make customers feel good enough. The aim is just to go for seeing to it that the running conditions are expected to be made very much viable and successful. This tends to be very much effective just to execute business practices with due effectiveness. The wholesalers, distributors and retailer along with e-commerce is said to be very much successful. This tends to be very much successful just to make sure that the customer’s attention are grabbed accordingly. All what is being demanded is just to raise the growth and productivity levels. The running conditions are supposed to be made very much well-versed and supportive in approach. Not only this, the products would be made available to the customers with such well-versed channels. It is must to go for carrying upon business growth and development with due effectiveness (Lamb, 2011). A pull strategy will be used just to make out the high outlay on advertising and consumer promotion to fortify consumer demand for a respective product. This tends to be very much effective just to go for managing conditions with proper potential. The respective strategy would turn out to be very much effective just to obtain favorable outcomes. Not only this, the product so made accessible need to be very much successful. It is must to go for carrying upon business growth and progression with due effectiveness. All what is being demanded is just to run a business accordingly. The strategy is considered to be very much effective and supportive and leads to make things highly managed and understood. It is equally imperative to go for utilizing this strategy just to obtain hopeful resultants. The need of the hour states that the business growth and progression should be made out hopeful and better than before. It is being identified upon that the strategy so employed would offer with lucrative results. The distribution strategy fits the product / service, target market, and overall marketing strategy for the company. It is must go for making best possible use of distribution strategy just to better up business functions. The need is just to adopt such an effective strategy that gets fit with product, target market, and overall marketing strategy. All what is being demanded is just to make things highly managed and understood as well. With this, the company would be helped to meet customer’s expectations. The aim is just to go for making clients accessible with products, reaching target audience expectations and considering useful marketing strategy. The need of the hour states that the business growth and development should not be compromised at any cost. With this, it can also be stated that the distribution strategy need to be very much successful just to obtain far better resultants. It mainly calls for adopting effective steps just to make things managed and understood. The company is expected to understand the customer’s expectations with due effectiveness. All what is being demanded is just to realize far better resultants (Lamb, 2011). At the end, it can be stated that the marketing strategy should be very much effective just to help the business to generate effective results. It mainly calls for seeing to it that the running conditions need to be made highly managed and understood as well. It is must go for making business growing and flourishing with due effectiveness. The need is just to adopt such favorable steps that are considered to be highly effective and successful. In this way, it can also be stated that the business growth should not be compromised at any cost. It means a lot from the perspective of realizing far better resultants. With this, it can also be stated that the business growth should be made out successful.

Pirated DVD in Quiapo Manila Story Essay

Manila is one of the most visited and famous cities in the Philippines and Quiapo is the part of Manila. Many Filipinos love to visit Quiapo, because this place is very interesting and you can find many different products to buy in Quiapo. Aside for that you will see the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene also known as Quiapo church and millions of devotees are visiting this Catholic heritage. Quiapo is not only known because of the said church, but also because of the pirated DVD market where in people can buy cheap pirated DVD’s. We cannot blame these people in buying pirated one; the reason is it is cheap and affordable especially for those who cannot afford buying original which will cost them ten to thirty times the price of a pirated DVD. Before, when you cross the streets of Quiapo you can see hundreds of different store stands and tables full of new and old DVD Movies. People enjoyed looking for DVD to buy. Many Filipinos found a living because of this business. This is illegal but this business fed many Filipino families and they were able to send their sons and daughters to a decent school. For so many years this business had stayed. The year 2012 is not a good year for them, the local and national government took full force to make this business gone in Quiapo. Many shoppers were sad by this story; they could not imagine that the happy affordable DVD market they found has gone in the wind. Because of what happened most DVD sellers return to their provinces and we never know what kind of life they will face. This is not a happy ending story for many. Lately the vendors shifted from Manila to another place or provinces. We cannot blame this people for in this business they find a way to feed their families. I hope the government will provide more jobs to lessen this kind of way of living.

Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Public policy refers to the action or inactivity of the authorities on an issue ( s ) ( Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005 ) . It sets hierarchy by transporting out the picks of those with the bid of authorization in the populace. This makes public policy alteration really complex as assorted persons, administrations and even the province have conflicting involvement and capacities. There is therefore the demand for coherency of interest/capacities in an effort to consequence a alteration ( Colebatch 2002 ) . Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the schemes that would be used to consequence a alteration in public policy on route safety in Nigeria.Health Issue and Public Health Importance:Road Traffic Collision ( RTC ) is a major public wellness issue globally. It is defined as personal hurt ensuing from hit of a vehicle with another vehicle ( s ) or a prosaic, happening on the public main road or footways ( Worcestershire County Council 2010 ) .The Situation Globally:RTC histories for over 1.2 million deceases with approximately 20 to 50 million non fatal hurts ( a major cause of disablement ) happening yearly. It is the 9th prima cause of decease globally and is estimated to lift to be the 5th prima cause of decease by twelvemonth 2030 ( with approximately 2.4 million human deaths per twelvemonth ) out ranking public wellness issues like TB, HIV/AIDS ( soon the 5th prima cause of decease ) and diarrhoea diseases ( WHO 2008 ) . This means that by the twelvemonth 2030, RTC wi ll be perceived every bit lifelessly as HIV/AIDS is today, if pressing action is non taken. The planetary losingss due to route traffic hurts are estimated to be about 518 billion USD, bing the authorities between 1 – 3 % of its gross national merchandise ( WHO 2009a ) .Nigeria:Figure: Map of Nigeria demoing major accident zones. Beginning: Savan demographic map Nigeria is Africa ‘s most thickly settled state, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 ( World Bank 2010 ) . It is one of the 10 states with the highest Road traffic decease rates in the universe ( WHO 2009a ) . RTA is the commonest cause of decease from unwilled injuries/ public force in the state ( Nigeria Watch 2007 ) . Usoro ( 2010 ) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties happening annually. About 90 individuals are killed or injured day-to-day and about 4 individual ‘s dies or acquire injured every hr from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of hapless coverage and hapless recording of route accidents in the state. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher hazard of route traffic hurts ( Thomas et al 2004 ) and they are less likely to hold the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poorness load as they lose their staff of life victor ; lose net incomes while caring for the injured or handicapped, the cost for funeral and drawn-out wellness attention ( DFID 2003 ) . RTC has its greatest impact among the immature and is the 3rd prima cause of decease between ages 5 – 45years ( WHO 2009 ) with a decrease in the Country ‘s productive force, farther declining the economic state of affairs, therefore impacting the state accomplishing its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are ; high velocity, intoxicant, bad roads, hapless vehicle conditions etc ( Usoro 2010 ) . Although there is limited literature to demo the different per centums of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high velocity is most concerned in low income states ( WHO 2009 ) . Surveies have shown that a 5 % addition in mean velocity can ensue in about 20 % addition in fatal clangs ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) and with a 1mph decrease in mean velocity there is a decrease in accident hurts by 5 % ( Finch et al 1994 ) . The debut of velocity cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83 % decrease of velocity on the island ( Environment and Transport select Committee 2004 ) . Reducing velocity has besides been shown to hold positive effects on wellness results e.g. cut downing respiratory jobs associated with wellness results ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) . There is hence pressing demand for action to forestall this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE ( POLICY CONTENT ) : Introduction of velocity cameras and enforcement of velocity bounds on Nigerian roads.Procedure aims:To cut down high velocity behavior of drivers and better Conformities to rush bounds To educate the populace on the benefits of obeying route safety steps Outcome aims: To cut down the morbidity and mortality from RTC by 30 % and to cut down the possible life old ages lost from RTC by 50 % by 2020.Policy end:To cut down the mortality and disablement associated with RTC from vehicle velocity in Nigeria. Enforcement of velocity bounds via Mobile cameras has been shown to be the individual most effectual scheme for cut downing human death from RTC ( Chisom and Naci 2008 ) . It is therefore most rational among other rational schemes but has to puddle its manner through the policy procedure. Hence the nature of alteration follows the assorted scanning theoretical account. For better apprehension of the complex many-sided nature of policy devising, the proposed policy alteration is seen as go throughing through a procedure taking topographic point in a peculiar context influenced by the participants/actors ( the policy analysis trigon ) ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Actors: Persons, administrations and groups orp Content Context Procedure Figure 2: Policy analysis trigonBeginning: Walt and Gilson 1994.THE POLICY Procedure:Agenda scene Policy rating and feedback Policy preparation Policy execution The policy procedure can be broken down into series of phases called the ‘stages heuristic ‘ ( Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et Al. 2005 ) .It provides a theoretical model for understanding the times and topographic points where tactical attacks can be applied to influence policy alteration ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Figure 3: Policy procedure Before traveling on with the policy procedure, it will be worthwhile understanding the state ‘s policy context as this will help in determining the procedure.THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT:The proposed wellness policy alteration can be affected by the undermentioned contextual factors ( Leichter 1979 ) :Situational factors:This includes the increasing broad spread public consciousness and load caused by RTA in the state as stated above.Cultural factors:There are about 250 cultural groups ( Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major cultural groups ) in Nigeria. The major faiths are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and cultural groups are the most politically influential and most thickly settled in the state ( CIA 2009 ) . Most people believe that route accident is religious and is caused by evil liquors ( Sarma 2007 ) . Hence the spiritual leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an of import function in converting their followings and betterin g ownership for community support and policy execution success.International factors:Road safety issues have increased in impulse on the planetary docket ( termed the decennary of action ) with an ambitious mark to cut down route human deaths by twelvemonth 2020. It is supported by international organic structures such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN administration ( Commission for planetary route safety 2009 ) . These organic structures will therefore hold an impact on the preparation of policies, support, duologue, planning, and protagonism guidelines for any state shiping on a route safety policy enterprise.Structural Factors:( a ) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with degrees of authorization expressed at the federal, province and local authorities countries. There are 36 provinces and the federal capital district, 774 LGAs farther divided into 9555 wards ( the lowest political unit in the state ) . There are 3 weaponries of authorities, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and province degrees. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house ( the senate ) and the lower house ( the House of Representatives ) elected from the province senatorial territories and the constituencies severally. Each province has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to do Torahs. Each local authorities country has an elected executive president and an elective legislative council of members from electoral wards. The province authorities has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources ( WHO 2009b ) .The Federal Road Safety Commission:This is the lead bureau that regulates, enforces and coordinates all route safety direction activities at both the national, province and LGA level through their particular United States Marshals Services ( Volunteer arm ) and regular United States Marshals Services ( Uniformed ) . They play a major function in finding and implementing velocity bounds for assorted types of roads and vehicles ( FRSC 2010 ) . They receive aid from the constabulary, civil defense mechanism corps, NGO ‘S etc. ( B ) Civil societies, NGOs signifier e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and involvement groups are cardinal histrions in public policy devising and can take part at the commission phases of how a measure becomes a jurisprudence. ( degree Celsius ) Socio economic state of affairs: Nigeria is classified as a low income group state with a gross national income per capital of $ 930 ( WHO 2009a ) .This can impact acquiring the route safety policy on the docket among many other viing wellness issues. To the easiness the policy issue from the docket puting to execution and rating, a stakeholder analysis is really of import.STAKEHOLDER Analysis:It helps to identify Actors ; measure their involvement, power, confederation, place and importance in relation to the policy. It will assist to place and move to forestall misinterpretation and resistance to the policy ( Schmeer 2000 ) . Name of stakeholder ( administration, Group or person at the federal, province or local degree ) Stakeholder description ( primary intent, association, support ) Potential function in the procedure ( vested involvement in the activity ) Potential degree of committedness ( support or oppose, to what extent and why ) and how to acquire their support Available resources ( staff, voluntaries, )PowerGovernment/Political sector President Commanding officer in head of the armed forces, initiate authorities policies/bills Assenting to and sign language of measures, mentioning a measure back to the national assembly or to the constitutional tribunal on the measures constitutionality Moderate support, demand for dialogue and lobbying News conferences, high degree committedness ; statements and declarations at cardinal policy events, Speech High The senate and house of representatives The province Governor and province house of assembly Approves the proposed policy to go a jurisprudence, guarantee appropriate support Novices and approves Government policies at the province degree severally Sponsors/ Champions policy alteration, Has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources at province degree Some may back up and other may non. Necessitate to place title-holders, bargaining and lobbying for support Same as above News conferences, statements at cardinal policy events, Reports on commission meetings Same as above High High Ministry of wellness Implement policies, programmes and take actions to beef up the wellness system Draft measure in concurrence with the federal route safety committee, give advice to the authorities on the impact of route accidents Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Political determination shapers, organizational construction of the freshly introduced nomadic injury squad High Federal route safety committee, Nigerian constabulary and the civil defense mechanism service corps Lead bureau on disposal of route safety in Nigeria Pilot trial, Assist the ministry of wellness with information for measure bill of exchange, Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Organizational construction of the constabulary, civil defense mechanism, FRSC corps of United States Marshals Services three tier system High Ministry of finance Provides public financess, facilitates development and reappraisals budget, Prioritises reappraisal and blessing of budget for the proposed alteration Variable if the cost for execution is significantly increased Fundss to back up the purchase of velocity cameras High Ministry of transit Oversing transit safety Formulate and implement authorities policies on transit safety May or may non back up because of other undertakings like the new rail manner system development in the state Staffs available at assorted degrees High Ministry of Education Oversing instruction related actives Aid in execution of educational policies May non back up because of other pressing demands like salary increase for instructors Staffs available at assorted degrees High Pressure GROUPS NBC ( MEDIA ) , NURTW, NURTO Major political force per unit area groups Beginning of information, force per unit area and influence in policy development Strongly back up the policy alteration Organised construction and staffs available High International organic structures WHO, World bank, African development bank, Infrastructure pool for Africa, FIA, EURO NCAP, DFID, Multi stakeholders commission, cardinal donors/development spouses and oversee execution of the funded undertaking. Approves the proposal to utilize the fund grant in the procurance of the new policy Strongly support but would be concerned about corrupt patterns Financial, Potentially, human resources to influence policy, cardinal gate keepers for usage of planetary fund grant Medium Nongovernmental organization SAVAN, RAPSON, PATVORA, SAFETY ALLIANCE, AARSI, Nigerian red cross Agency committed to awareness, acceptance and observation of route safety patterns, station debut surveillance Legislative reform protagonism and policy execution Strongly back up Trained staffs every bit good as voluntaries. Low Professional administration Nigeria Medical Association, Researchers. Represents its members and support their involvement Can set force per unit area, and lobbying in the policy procedure Strongly back up Fiscal resources and potentially, human resources to act upon policy Medium Other civil societies Community leaders/chiefs, young person groups, Opinion leaders and determination shapers Can negociate the policy alteration and utile for execution Strongly back up They can call up voluntaries, consciousness and influence on the community, Medium Table1: Stakeholders analysis table. Template beginning and some of the stakeholders functions ( WHO 2008 ) , other functions: ( Schmeer 2000 ) . From the tabular array above, it can be seen that a batch of the cardinal stakeholders would strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety policy alteration. Schemes can so be developed ( consensus-building ) to advance actions for support and cut down resistance from the other stakeholders before go oning with the policy procedure. This can be done by sharing the information obtained among protagonists and encouraging treatment about how to turn to resistance.AGENDA Setting:This measure involves acquiring the issue onto the policy docket from among other issues that can potentially be of involvement to policy shapers ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Kingdon ( 1984 ) proposed that policies get on the docket through 3 independent watercourses ( job, political relations and policy watercourse ) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy alteration is most likely to happen. These watercourses in the Nigerian context are as shown in the figure below: Policy window/ Action PointFig 4: Kingdon ‘s three stream theoretical account of docket scene ( Template beginning: policy and nutrition 2010 )Call uping the Media:McCombs and Shaw ( 1972 ) foremost developed the docket puting theory, demoing a strong correlativity between media docket and the public docket on US presidential runs in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in stating the populace what to believe about ( University of Twente 2004 ) , will be mobilised to act upon the populace ‘s sentiment and accordingly the authorities through Television and wireless programmes/ News, News documents and articles from professional organic structures with accent on the magnitude and possible solution to cut downing the mortality from route traffic accidents. Restriction can besides be made to misdirect adverts which will promote velocity. Personal experience of RTC ( direct or indirect ) could be a more powerful teacher than the media ( University of Twente 2004 ) but both will complement each other in bettering the public docket and later the policy docket. Fig 5: Agenda puting demoing the function of the media ( Beginning: McQuail and Windahl 1993 ) .POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION:This involves the stairss taken after the issue is placed on the docket up boulder clay when it is implemented. This portion of the procedure strongly lies in the sphere of the legislators which determines how a measure becomes jurisprudence and is implemented as shown below:FRSCSUPPORT ( Individuals/ administration ) Sponsor a Member of national assembly Forwarding of the measure to National assembly First ReadingSecond Reading ( polish )Public input Committee phase ( Committee on route safety ) Report phase Third reading Public Input Assent ( Presidents marks the Bill )Bill is promulgatedFig6: How measure becomes jurisprudence in Nigeria ( beginning of information: Jagaba 2009 ) Formulation Schemes: To maintain the issue on the docket through this phase, there is demand for: Continuous runs and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying ( mobilising the populace to reach legislators or other policy shapers about the job ) and Direct Lobbying ( Phone calls, composing of letters, face to confront interactions ) , Mass Support by go toing commission meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the docket, Dickering for protagonists from the legislators to better Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the procedure by which a policy is turned into pattern ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The bottom -up attack ( Lipsky 1980 ) will be a really good attack for the execution such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy shapers. However, effort will be made to include the top-down attack in order to understate divergence from the intended policy result. The execution procedure would necessitate clip and resources and should be a gradual procedure. It would be worthwhile holding a pilot undertaking in an country identified by research workers to hold a high mortality from RTA before execution at a National degree.Initial rapid demands appraisal:The route safety system would be assessed to happen out what is needed. The squad should include ; the constabulary, route safety committee, research workers, wellness economic expert, NGO ‘s, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical squads, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of conveyance, support from developmental spouses, community/religious leaders and affecting the authorities at all degrees. The appraisal will supply scientific, managerial and technological maps of the policy from be aftering to rating. On designation of the specific demands, the execution work program will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a cardinal function in recommending within their communities/religious groups in converting their followings that RTC can be prevented and is non religious.Execution agenda:Legislation to stipulate velocity bounds applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic cheque points which should be countries identified to hold a comparatively high RTC ensuing from high velocity. Random placement of the squad to supervise vehicle velocity with the nomadic velocity cameras Fines to be paid by lawbreakers will be fixed and gross generated be used for maintain and purchase of velocity cameras. License suspension of lawbreakers who violates the jurisprudence over a specific figure of times as will be stated. The usage of promotion to inform the populace on the new jurisprudence, its benefits and punishments.Evaluation AND Feedback:Buse et Al ( 2005 P ) defines rating as â€Å" research designed specifically to measure the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to find whether the programme or policy is worth prosecuting farther † The technology theoretical account suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy determinations but nevertheless this is wholly non applicable as there tends to be spreads between the two communities. Advocacy alliance is needed to cut down this spread and should include bettering the cognition of policy shapers by supplying a scope of different research studies via the media, conferences and seminars, guaranting that major policies have ratings built into their budgets and execution programs and set up intermediate establishments to reexamine research and find its policy deductions e.g. NICE in England and Wales ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The rating procedure will affect the usage of the formative rating ( qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, advancement studies ) at the early phase to supply advice to policy shapers. It may so be used to modify and develop the plan. It will besides affect the usage of a summational rating ( quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates ) which measures result and the extent to which the programme has met its aims. The Donabedian model ( Donabedian 1978 ) : INPUTS INDICATORS Procedure INDICATORS End product Indexs Result INDICATORS Fundss for purchase of velocity cameras, logistics Human resources- constabulary and route safety Training of forces involved Political committedness Servicess offered- the usage of the velocity cameras Reding quality offered to lawbreakers Police/ route safety – driver interaction Speed direction among route users Collision rates from velocity Badness of hurts from RTC Mortality rates- per centum of deceases due to RTC ensuing from high velocity. Disability rates- the rate of disablements attributable to high velocity vehicle hit Complication rates Quality of life Table 2: Donabedian model Evaluation of the public presentation: Speed limit enforcement will besides be done at the micro, meso and macro degrees. The micro degree will include accessing public presentation of the squads at the territory degrees, the effectivity of the enforcement protocols used, the degree of corruptness and any execution spreads. The meso degree will include accessing public presentation at the administration degree which will include the clip taken to go to to wrongdoers when referred to the route safety Centres, and their function assisting and oversing the squad at the territory degree. The macro degree: this involves accessing funding of the programme and its map at the national or international degree.Decision:The policy procedure is a cyclical procedure happening in the environment of a altering political context. There is therefore the demand for uninterrupted protagonism alliance networking, monitoring and rating at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, imbibing and drive which are non to the full implemented in the state should non be neglected as future programs should be made to further cut down the load of RTC to the barest lower limit. The execution of the nomadic velocity cameras and velocity bound enforcement will assist cut down RTC mortalities and disablements, better research and besides quality of life thereby unlocking growing and freeing resources for usage on other wellness concerns with the position of accomplishing the MDGs.

Role of the Internet in Economic Development and Culture Coursework

Role of the Internet in Economic Development and Culture - Coursework Example The essay will also study how developing countries are using the technology for economic development, and whether a gap is being formed between rich and poor countries due to the advent of this technology. Concepts such as globalization, strategic and international management and marketing, and culture will be delved into with use of established literature where necessary and every effort will be made to provide meaningful conclusions. 2. Evolution of Internet and its impact on culture and businesses At the most basic of levels, the internet can be described as a worldwide network of networks, enabling millions of smaller computers to share information with each other and to share various communications, databases, and transactions. For individual perspective, when one is connected to the internet, he/she can contact anyone else on the internet, can trade or publish ideas, and can sell products with minimum overhead costs (Reedy and Schullo 2004; Trott, 2008). With such flexibility, the internet, and its main application, the World Wide Web (WWW), have given businesses a useful alternative to carry out their operations, which is resulting in increased customer satisfaction, which in turn leads to more measures for the development of ‘online’ businesses. Reedy and Schullo (2004) summarise that the internet as a whole must liken to a toolkit containing multipurpose gadgets with many useful innovations. In order to understand the true potential of the internet, Reedy and Schullo (2004) also suggest that it is vital to also gain knowledge of the origins and evolution of the aforementioned innovations. The advent of the internet as a main personal and commercial tool was a result of the concept of technology transfer, wherein the early 1980’s the initial technology leading to the internet was only used for military and scientific purposes. Later, this initial technology was made open for researchers and businesses to adopt and exploit for further development and innovation, and the internet, as we know it today, was born (Trott 2008). Hence the process of technology transfer is of promoting technical innovation through the transfer of ideas, knowledge, devices, and artifacts from leading businesses, research organizations and academic research to more general and effective application in industry and commerce (Trott 2008). Although the internet has inbuilt weaknesses like security problems, they can manage optimally by successfully implementing the information security policies, including fail-safe Anti-Virus Protection system (Milberg 2000). As a result, it can be inferred that the internet itself has become a safe channel for technology transfer through the efficient and cost-effective manner in which entities can transfer and share information, and also facilitate innovation through such interaction. Apart from technology transfer, by allowing people of different culture to interact in a virtual space, it also leads to t he exchange of cultural information between them.

Foundation Degree in Early Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foundation Degree in Early Years - Essay Example Dedication should also be present in supporting a child’s healthy and happy development. To improve outcomes for children, the government, the early practitioners, the parents, other professionals and the society at large should be dedicated to helping them. This paper will look at multi-Professional practice linking to relevant theory and legislation. The government puts up the legislation which governs the children, for example, the recent policy statement of supporting families in the foundation years. In this, the government’s vision for the early years is that a well qualified work force brings in a real difference in the quality of support that families with young children receive. Multi- professional practice: The foundation years are critically the most fundamental for a child’s growth, also for their families. Early practitioners include foundation teachers, requiring nurses, pre- school and child minders as well as other professional practitioners, who are involved in the early years of a child’s development. Multi- professional practice is required since these children have different needs, which require different, professionals. Joint working is seen as a priority, for instance, it is vital that parents and teachers utilize the children’s trust arrangements by working closely with local authorities in order to, jointly plan, and deliver services effectively (Anning, et al., 2006). Much legislation has been put in place after the education mentally handicapped children’s act 1970, which made all the children the responsibility of the local education authority. â€Å"Before then, the responsibility of the handicapped children had been the responsibility of the health service (Tassoni, 2003).† This is because, the children were being considered as impossible to educate because they had a learning disability. â€Å"It was the consequence of the 1970 Act that led to the creation of special schools, which gave many children the opportunity of gaining an education for the first time, hence social inclusion (Whitney, 2007).† In the year 1978, a report introducing the special education needs (SEN) was developed, and it came into effect from January 2002. This proposed the recognition of early diagnosis and pre- school support. â€Å"The need for parental involvement and the integration of children, whenever possible into the mainstream school was also proposed (Soan, 2004).† â€Å"Research shows that, there is a need for coordination and communication between professionals themselves and between professionals and families for quality services to be provided (Townsley et al., 2004).† There are many cases where poor communications between professionals and families has led to poor provision of services. Reviewing the current integration interlude, concern is with the reformation of work relations as a way of creating new forms of social capital. The notion social capit al has been used by the government policy makers together with researchers in examining different types, qualities of relationships and configurations. These include professional relations and when put into practice, how they function as resources. â€Å"Looking at the co-work of teachers, language and speech therapists, social capital is produced in the analysis as a means of understanding the integration of children’s service impact on professional practitioners groups and across

Trifles by Susan Glaspell. NO SOURCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trifles by Susan Glaspell. NO SOURCE - Essay Example This scene stresses on how delicate can be the line between finding out something and staying unknowing. By this time the audience (or the reader) already figures out the motive of the murder, so feels cleverer than heroes of the play. It happens, because we’re shown both worlds: an emotional world of woman’s intuition and a reasonable world of man’s deduction. Men are trying to investigate the murder using logic, looking for evidence like most detective stories teaches us to do. And yet, they’re missing a part of the puzzle – the most important detail. Ladies also do their own investigation, though unconscientiously while helping men. They look at the puzzle from the emotional side, thinking about Mrs. Wright’s live with Mr. Wright (the murdered man), considering if she was happy in this house and if Mr. Wright was a good husband. It feels like they’re lead by some kind of sensual stream, rather than by thinking reasonable thoughts. The decision they make to hide the dead bird is also an emotional decision: it’s against the law to hide evidence, but women sense that will be a right decision. And they come to it together. Both of them are lying in the same way to protect the other woman, again without previous agreement. Just as they instinctively lie about a cat has eaten the

Counter Insergency in Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Counter Insergency in Afghanistan - Essay Example (Jeffery 1995) Till 1989, the Soviet Union had been fighting against these Mujahideen but could not win. They had to pull out from rugged terrain of Afghanistan. This resulted in the disintegration of Soviet Union in to several independent Republics. The left over triumphant Mujahideen divided between themselves under Persian speaking northern alliance and Pushto speaking Taliban (Rizwan 2005). Since the later group was dominant in numbers and support from the other surrounding Islamic countries captured almost allover Afghanistan in 1994. They continued in gaining grounds and strengthening their power on the basis of fundamentalist version of Islam (William Maley; 1998) and disregarded the allowance of Human Rights to all the other nations of the World. After 09/11, 2001 when the trade center in New York came under attack and caused destruction of thousands of lives in USA. The allegation went directly to Taliban and Usama Bin Laden allegedly hiding in Afghanistan. Now the Taliban had to go. USA along with NATO forces attacked Afghanistan and dislodged Taliban Government. Contrary to Soviet occupation Taliban could not resist the US pressure arms and ammunition for a longer time. Since 2002 the conventional US coalition forces installed Hamid Karazai's Government with a view to build national consensus of political process and start the reconstruction work on war footings. The American strategy changed from destruction of enemy by force and aimed at large scale reconstruction efforts to ally the local population for elimination of Taliban as a potential danger for peace and security in the region. Taliban had in fact proved to be the political arm of Al-Qaida covertly operative in USA. The reconstruction efforts under Hamid Karazai Government have proved to be a success at a larger scale. On the political front, American and NATO forces have been able to secure larger portion of local populace at least in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas. The local commanders have been lured into the political and reconstruction process. They have been instrumental in containing Talibization of the areas under the control. They have been actively participating in Jirgaaz (Political Congregation of Elders). The International community has been able to pledge significant funding for Afghan Economy. At London Conference of International Donors in 2006 US$ 10.5 Billion have bee n pledged for the five-year plan of security governance rule of law and human rights. At this point of time Afghan Government has been portraying a much bigger and better picture of economy and good chances of foreign direct investment. Since 2001 around 15 billion US$ have been spent on the reconstruction efforts of Afghanistan. There are numerous UN agencies and International NGOs like Action Aid UK, Oxfam UK, ICRC UK who have been pro-actively working for the betterment of Afghan Nationals. All these efforts have effectively demoralized and contained the spread of Taliban in Afghanistan. This was not the case while Soviet's had

Critically Assess the Scope, Meaning and Relevance of Essay

Critically Assess the Scope, Meaning and Relevance of Non-Discrimination in WTO Agreements - Essay Example Introduction WTO (World Trade Organisation) is a global institution that facilitates a free trade to happen in the world. The phrase â€Å"free trade† is always misconstrued since it does not connote that it is a free to trade from one nation to another nation. The WTO rules permit tariffs and other varieties of restrictions that assist to safeguard a nation from unfair trades. Thus , the phrase â€Å" free trade â€Å" can better be explained as a market where business can happen in an open and a fair field where there exists no ingenuous competition. By including a non-discrimination clause, WTO facilitates that a free trade exists in the international level. All countries that are members of WTO have consented to play fair in all their business transactions. This is made possible by demanding all trades to be made in the public eye. A WTO member country should not have a restriction to any trade that is being offered to one company and the same restriction would extend to all the companies which indulge in the same type of commerce. Among the non-discrimination measures, the most renowned ones are the national treatment and the most favoured nations. These two clauses under the guise of non-discrimination appear in some form or other in the† GATS (The General Agreement on Trade in Services), the GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), the TRIPS (the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)† and in other numerous WTOs agreements1. In addition to â€Å"National Treatment (NT) and Most Favoured Nations (MFN), WTO also have more commonly termed anti-discrimination provisions, some important illustrations of which contain non-discrimination clauses in GATS Article XIV, other Agreements on the... Non-discrimination principle mainly revolves round the concept of treating all foreign services or products equivalent to the like domestic services or products. The doctrine of non-discrimination was intended specifically to thwart protectionism and to make sure that equal treatment is being given to both domestic and foreign goods. A question arises whether goods may be treated diversely since the manner in which they have been manufactured, even if the manufacturing process employed does not put down a mark in the end product. Further, it is to be noted that when contrasting two goods, different production methods or processes (PPMs) might have been employed in the manufacture of such goods, which do not per se make these goods â€Å"unlike.† For example, governments may like to differentiate between wood where the production process is not known and wood products emanated from the sustainably grown forest. Under these circumstances, the evaluation of similarity between two kinds of wood if the two varieties of wood may be especially difficult. For this, the evaluation of likeness between two goods or products should be done on each case basis, which was mentioned by the Appellate Body in EC-Asbestos case to find out whether there is a discrimination or not.

Effects of six selected antibiotics on plant growth and soil microbial Research Paper

Effects of six selected antibiotics on plant growth and soil microbial and enzymatic activities - Research Paper Example However, different antibiotics have different effects on a plant, while different plants react differently to a certain antibiotic. What this study was trying to find out are the specific effects of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, tylosin, and trimthoprim on the soil and the plants that depend on it, especially when available data regarding it are scarce and inconsistent. This is important for farmers of agricultural crops such as rice who are using or considering the use of animal manure or treated urine for fertilizer and hydration, respectively. Briefly, different concentrations of analytical grade tetracyclines (chlortetracycline and tetracycline), tylosin, sulfonamides (sulfamethazole and sulfamethazine), and trimethoprim were tested for their phytotoxicity of sweet oat, rice and cucumber through observing their seed germination and plant growth. Tylosin and trimethoprim were included because they are used together with tetracyclines and sulfonamides, respectively. The seeds of sweet oat were the most susceptible to antibiotics, and sulfonamides and tetracyclines had greater effects on seed germination, as compared to tylosin and trimethoprim. In contrast, growth inhibition, especially of rice, was achieved only with sulfonamides. This is because sorption coefficients of sulfonamides are very low in soil as compared to that of tetracyclines, making the former more bioavailable and the latter less likely to be absorbed by the plant. As well, their impact on soil microbial activity was assessed through the observation of their effects on soil respiration and soil phosphatase activity. Soil respiration was greatly affected upon exposure to sulfamethazole, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim, with the first being the most potent and the last being the least, although the recovery of respiration 4 days after application was observed. This is because the dissipation half-life of sulfonamides is 2 to 5, making the antibiotic concentration

Facilities and Maintenance Systems for Hospitality Research Paper

Facilities and Maintenance Systems for Hospitality - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the maintenance staff must be equipped with data and integrated voice, mobile devices in order for them to be always within reach and easily available.   It also enables the hotel managers to have visibility into and monitor the progress of duties and work orders. Push-to-talk can be used when instant attention is needed or text messaging. Mobile computers are also effective during processing of work orders and generating automatic audit trails. However, most hotel owners and managers have some weaknesses when it comes hotel designing. They don’t put into consideration the importance of attractive hotel design. Failure to ensure attractive hotel design results in small customer population thus less revenue. There is also need to carry out some maintenance test to ensure quality services. The success of all leading resorts and hotels depends on the quality of services that are offered to the customers. By storing all the building s, rooms, equipment, and floors in a management solution asset, it is possible to track the management and maintenance of everything. The report of the cost will provide the managers with the costs of maintenance at any organizational level. The hotel managers can also set up preventive maintenance approaches for generators and HVAC units to avert failures. Eventually, the management maintenance system can be used to reduce costs, track maintenance, and ensure a quality service to the customers. In addition, using maintenance system can help a hotel or resort management to track management cost, extend the life of assets, provide high-quality services to customers, maintain efficiently and a clean environment. Additionally, facility maintenance system helps in improving labor productivity, reducing costly downtimes, minimizing investment and maintenance costs. Just like a person meets another person for the first day, it takes customers and travelers approximately 60 seconds to lear n and gain the attraction of a resort or hotel. Travelers and customers start by examining the parking area, dà ©cor, signage, the carpet, or the smell of the environment.

Actus Reus Notes Essay Example for Free

Actus Reus Notes Essay Provides a link between the initial act of the D and the prohibited consequence that has occurred. It forms part of the AR: It is not enough that the prohibited consequences has occurred, it must be caused by the D. * Established by a two-stage test: 1. Factual causation: Only basis, establish a prelimartary connection between act and consequences D’s act must be a sine qua non of the prohibited consequence(consequences would not have occurred without the D’s action) ’But for’ the D’s action, the consequences would not have occurred Case: White : D wanted to kill her mother with a poison drink but the mother die before the poison drink took effect. LP: The D’s mother would have died anyway but for D’s action, thus he is not the factual cause of death, but he is charged with attempted murder. 2. Legal causation: Chooses the blameworthy a. Case: Pagett To avoid arrest, D used his girlfriend as a shield and firmed at armed police. The police fired back and killed the girl. LP: D’s act need not to be the sole cause of death provided it is a cause that has ‘contributed significantly to the result’ as he sets in motion the chain of events that led to death and it was foreseeable that the police would fire back. D is the most blameworthy Intervening Act: Something that occurs after the D’s act that breaks the chain of causation and relieves the D’s responsibility for the prohibited consequences. Circumstances will only break the chain of causation if they are: a) An overwhelming cause of death b) An unforeseeable occurrence Case that BREAK the chain: Jordan: D stabbed the victim and his wound was healed by the time V arrived to the hospital but he died following an allergic reaction to the drugs given by the hospital. LP: D not liable as the original wound was healed and the treatment was ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (Obvious) to break the chain of causation. Case that DOESN’T BREAK the chain: Cheshire: D shot the victim in the leg and stomach, where when in hospital V suffered from respiratory complications and die after an operation that the hospital performed a poor standard of care and failed to recognise his wounds. LP: The need for operation flowed from the D’s original act thus he remained liable, the treatment has to be ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (obvious) to break the chain of causation. Intervening Act falls into 3 categories: 1. Acts of the Victim 2. Acts of Third Parties 3. Naturally Occurring events 1. Acts of the Victim Roberts: D interfered the V’s clothing in the car, causing the V to jump from the moving vehicle and resulted in serious injuries from the fall. LP: It was foreseeable that the victim would have attempted to escape and could be injured in doing so. Chain of causation will only be broken if the V’s action is extreme and unforeseeable. *Only EXTREME ACTS would break it? Consider Thin-Skull rule: *Thin-Skull Rule: EXCEPTION to the rule that D is only liable to the foreseeable consequences of his actions D is liable for the full extent of V’s injuries even if, due to some pre-exisitng condition, the V suffers greater harm as a result of the D’s action than the ‘ordinary’ V would suffer. Cases: Blaue D stabbed the V and punctured her lung, but V refused a blood transfusion as it was contrary to her religion, resulting in death. LP: D convicted of manslaughter as it was held that the rule was not limited to physical conditions but included an individual’s psychological make-up and beliefs. 2. Act of Third Parties Consider: 1. Significance of their contribution 2. Action is foreseeable? 3. Naturally-occurring events * Omissions: Liability only necessary if there is no culpable positive act. Statute: A duty of act only imposed by statute in a narrow range Contract: Case: Pittwood D contracted to monitor the crossing gates so no one is harmed by the train. He failed to close the gates and V was killed by the train. LP: A person under contract will be liable for the harmful consequences of his failure to perform his contractual obligation. This duty extends to those reasonably affected by omission, not just the other party to the contract. Special relationship Case: Gibbins and Procotor First D(Father) failed to provide food to his child who was starved to death. His liability was based upon his omission to fulfil the duty established by the special relationship of father/child. (The case continued:) Voluntary assumption of care Second D(Partner of the father): liable not based on the nature of relationship but because she had previously fed the child but had ceased to do so. * A Person cannot cast off duty to act that the voluntary assumption of care imposes. Dangerous situation Case: Miller D fell asleep while smoking a cigarette. It triggers the mat on fire, but when the D woke up he did nothing to save the fire but move to another spot to sleep. The House was damaged as a result. D argued that his mens rea was not developed at the time the actua reas of the event, dropping the cigarette, occurred. LP: D has created a dangerous situation which he then has the duty to save the fire. * MR arises and coincides with continuing AR. He was liable.

Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority Essay Example for Free

Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority Essay A. The rise of new imperialism of the 19th and early 20th century involved Europe going into Africa. The causes of imperialism in Africa were partly due to the decolonization in America. The European powers were out political and economic gain by the United States gaining their independence. In 1876 European powers especially King Leopold II of Belgium, agreed in the Berlin Conference to split up the land in Africa, no longer invading to colonize but to gain political, military and economic power. The methods to imperialism of the African land were done differently, by each European power. The British who imperialized the cape of Africa used laws and indirect methods to gain power, however King Leopold II used extreme force to gain control of the Congo. The Congo was then ruled with strict political control and military force. A1. Between the years 1885 and 1905 more than 10 million indigenous people of Congo were murdered. King Leopold II used the natives as slave labor to gain resources such as rubber and ivory. Edward Morel an official that monitored shipping traffic started noticing that King Leopold II ships came back with tons of cargo, but little to no cargo was being sent to the Congo for trade. Morel soon put two and two together and realized the native people were being used as slave labor. In doing so Morel soon started to organize a protest. Other than the protest that Morel started the people of Congo were silent, due to many years of off and on again use as slave laborers. B. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a violent revolution and in comparison to the Indian Independence Movement was a nonviolent revolution both had causes and goals that will be discussed. To begin, the Russian Revolution of 1917 was caused by food shortages and the peoples opposition to the  government, ran by Nicolas II who was czar. Czar Nicolas II had pushed into World War I leaving the people in Russia in anguish due to the many losses and economic downfall. This downfall came due to the amount of soldier and horses being placed into the war leaving the peasants at home with a loss of man power to continue a, standard of living( Causes of the Russian Revolution 2). Due to the decrease in man power, and materials to use at the home front, prices increased and a hunger endemic began. With hunger increasing and inflation of prices continuing strikes began, which eventually stopped transportation. When the transportation stopped supplies and food did not get to the soldiers at war decreasing the amount of people who believed in the czar. The goal of the peasants of the Russian Revolution of 1917, was to gain a new leader and for their voices to be heard. In March 1917, a riot of peasants, and soldiers stormed the streets with the support of the Duma, a group of government officials, forcing Nicolas II out of power. The Indian Independence Movement was a nonviolent revolution that gained Indias independence in August 15, 1947 from Britain, French and Portugal. The start of the revolution began in 1857 when Indian soldiers rebelled against the British East Indian Company when Indian political rights were not being honored, however British squashed the matter. Eventually, non- violent movements began in 1918-1922 when, suppression of civil liberties, political rights and culture, were not being recognized by the British (Sharma, S. (2010)). The movement was led by the Indian National Congress who were under the direct leadership of Mohandas Ganghi. The movement held a revolt in 1942, demanding that the British leave India, known as the Quit India Movement, due to the riot in Calcutta, Independence was finally gained(Sharma, S. (2010)). The goal of the revolution was finally met to gain civil liberties, political integrity and have Indian culture recognized. B1. The strategies of the two revolution discussed above include a riot in the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the riot peasants, soldiers and the Duma stood together to over throw the czar. In the Indian Independence Movement the strategies were to use boycotts and stances against the British force to  gain their independence. References Causes of the Russian Revolution of February/March 1917. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.johndclare.net/Russ3.htm Causes of the Russian Revolution 2 What were the causes of the Russian Revolution? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/russiaandukraine/a/Causes-Of-The-Russian-Revolution_2.htm Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold’s ghost: A story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa [ebrary book]. Retrieved from https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/17910385 Sharma, S. (2010). Civil rights movements [ebrary book]. Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/8542979 SparkNotes: Europe 1871-1914: The Scramble for Africa (1876-1914). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871-1914/section5.rhtml

Theory of electromyography

Theory of electromyography Theory of Electromyography Electromyography is a discipline that deals with the detection, analysis and use of electrical signal that emanates from skeletal muscles. The electromyography is studied for various reasons in the medical field. Even a superficial acquaintance with scientific literature will uncover various current applications in fields such as neuro physiology, kinesiology, motor control, psychology, rehabilitation, medicine and biomedical engineering. The EMG signal is the electrical manifestation of the neuromuscular activation associated with the contracting muscles. The signal represents the current generated by the ionic flow across the membrane of the muscle fibers which propagates through the intervening tissues to reach the detection surface of the electrode located in the environment. It is an exceedingly complicated signal which is affected by anatomical and physiological properties of muscles and the control scheme of the nervous system, as well as characteristics of the instrumentation used to detect and observe it. Most of the relationships between the EMG signal and the properties of contracting muscles that are currently in use have evolved serendipitously. The lack of proper description of the EMG signal is probably the greatest single factor that has hampered the development of electromyography in to a precise discipline. APPLICATIONS: To test the nerve and muscle activity To determine nerve conduction velocity to test nerve damage/compression To obtain firing characteristics of nerves. Analysis of motor unit action potentials To analyze the extent of nerve damage, muscular damage It is useful for gym trainees and sport persons to evaluate growth and development of specific muscles. It is useful for energy/fatigue analysis of industrial workers for time-motion-rest cycle evaluation for an efficient working environment. Usually passenger pilots are checked for their EMG levels before they take up a flight in order to ensure fatigue level of the pilot is at safe level. MUSCLES: About 40% of the human body is skeletal muscles and another 10% is smooth muscles of internal organs and cardiac muscles from the heart. Here we are interested in characterizing the function of skeletal muscles. The primary function of skeletal muscles is to generate force. Because of this, they are excitable. Thus skeletal muscles have 2 fundamental properties. They are excitable(able to respond to stimulus) and contractible(able to produce tension).A skeletal muscle consists of numerous fibers with diameters ranging from 10 to 80 Â µm. Each muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of myofibrils .Each myofibril has about 1500 myosin filaments and 3000 actins filaments lying side by side. Cell Potential: The nervous system is comprised of neuron cells. Neurons are the conducting elements of the nervous system and are responsible for transferring information across the body. Only these and muscle cells are able to generate potentials and therefore are called excitable cells. Neurons contain special ion channels that allow the cell to change its membrane potential in response to the stimuli the cell receives. Receiving Potential: All cells in the body have a cell membrane surrounding them. Across this membrane there is an electric charge referred to as the resting potential. This electric impulse is generated by differential ion permeability of the membrane. In the cells, potassium (k+) channels allow diffusion of k+ ions out of the cell while Sodium(Na+) ions diffuse in to the cell. This Na+-K+ pump, which requires ATP to operate, pumps two K+ ions in to the interior of the cell for every 3 Na+ ions pumped out. K+ and Na+ ions are continuously diffusing across the membrane from where they were just pumped, but at a slower rate. Since there are more K+ ions inside the cell than outside, a potential exists. Action Potential: Some cells, such as skin cells are not excitable. Other cells such as nerve and muscle cells are excitable. When a simulating electric field acts on an excitable cell, the Na+ permeability increases, Na+ enters the cell interior and the entering positive charge depolarizes(reduces to approximately zero),the transmembrane potential. Later the K+ permeability increases and K+ ions flow out to counter this effect. The Na+ gates close followed by the K+ gates. Finally, the resting potential is regenerated. The action potential lasts about 1ms in nerves and about 100 ms in cardiac muscle. It propagates in nerves at about 60 m/s and carries sensations from the periphery toward the brain via sensory nerves. Through motor nerves, the brain commands muscles to contract. We can calculate the action potential propagation velocity v=d/t where Figure shown here represents the role of voltage-gated ion channels in the action potential. The circled numbers on the action potential correspond to the 4 diagrams of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in a neurons plasma membrane. Motor Unit: The most fundamental unit of a muscle is called the Motor Unit. It consists of an alpha-motoneuron and all the muscle fibers that are enervated by the motoneurons branches. The electrical signal that emanates from the activation of muscle fibers of a motor unit that are in the detectable vicinity of an electrode is called MOTOR UNIT ACTION POTENTIAL (MUAP).This constitutes the fundamental unit of the EMG signal. A Schematic representation of the genesis of a MUAP is presented above. There are many factors that influence the shape of MUAP. Some of these are The relative geometrical relationship of the detection surface of the electrode and the muscle fiber of the motor unit in its vicinity. The relative position of the detection surfaces to the innervated zone, which is the region where the nerve branches contact the muscle fibers. The size of muscle fibers, because amplitude of individual action potential is proportional to the diameter of the fiber, and The number of muscle fibers of an individual motor unit in the detectable vicinity of the electrode. The last two factors have particular importance in clinical applications. Considerable work has been performed to identify morphological modifications in the MUAP shape resulting from modifications in the morphology of the muscle fibers or the motor unit such as regeneration of motoneurons. Although usage of MUAP shape analysis is common practice among neurologists, interpretation of the result is not always straight forward and relies heavily on the experience and disposition of the observer. To sustain muscle contraction, the motor unit must be activated repeatedly. The resulting sequence of MUAPs is called Motor Unit Action Potential Train(MUAPT).So, EMG signal can be synthesized by linearly summing the MUAPTs as they exist when they are detected by the electrode where mathematically generated MUAPTs are added to yield the signal at the bottom. MUSCLE CONTRACTION: As an action potential travels along a motor nerve to muscle fibers, it initiates an action potential along the muscle fiber membrane, which depolarizes the muscle fiber membrane and travels with in the muscle fiber. The Subsequent electro-chemical reaction with in the muscle fiber then initiates attractive forces between the actin and myosin filaments and causes them to slide together. This mechanism produces muscle contraction. Tension is developed in the muscle as it contracts. There are 3 types of contraction Isometric Concentric Eccentric Isometric or Static Contraction means a muscle contracts without change in its length. Concentric Contraction occurs when a load is less than the isometric force produced by the muscle and the load shortens the muscle. Eccentric Contraction occurs when the load is greater than the isometric force and elongates the contracting muscle.

Human Interactions with Nature in the Rocky Mountain States :: Native Americans Wilderness Papers

Human Interactions with Nature in the Rocky Mountain States Human interaction with the Rocky Mountain States has shifted tremendously since the beginning of recorded history. These changes can be broken down into three phases. The first phase would be the communal posture held by Native Americans. This period of time ran from the Spanish colonization in the 16th century until the era of the mountain man. With the establishment of the United States a new period of exploration for exploitation began. A dramatic shift in human interaction occurred as the economic interests of the mountain men and the United States overrode the communal interests of the Native Americans, indeed, it began to envelop them. The era of exploitation would flourish until the Progressive Movement. The first generation of leaders to see the footprint left by the over-harvest of natural resources would start the shift in policy to one of sustainability. This shift has continued at different rates of change all the way through the modern era. The Native American tribes of the American Rocky Mountain States were long characterized as being homogenous with little difference between them. In reality they are as diverse as European states, but like Europeans the religions that shaped their actions held a common theme. â€Å"[A]ll their religions had important characteristics in common†¦ the Indian visionaries felt the universe about them and dedicated themselves to keeping man’s world in balance with the cosmos... All of them sought to communicate with the powers of nature.† (Hurdy 14) The words of Hopi chiefs and elders, declared in 1951, are true for all tribes: â€Å"Our land, our religion, and our life are one.† (Martin 15) This communal living was sustainable and based upon the indigenous plants and animals, especially the bison herds which spread across the prairie like waves on an ocean. â€Å"Oglala Sioux spiritual leader Black Elk†¦ recalled that his people ‘were happy in [their] own country, and were seldom hungry, for then the two-leggeds and the four-leggeds lived together like relatives, and there was plenty for them and for us.† (Spence 3) Native Americans saw a special sanctity in taking anything from the earth. The Hopi Indians, for example â€Å"express[ed] regret to the hunted animal that they must take its life to sustain their own with the substance of its flesh.† (Hurdy 19) Ruth Underhill writes that the Naskapi saw â€Å"Hunting [as] a holy occupation†¦ [but] so was the gathering of plants, the cutting of trees, even the digging of clay.

Individual Types of Learning Behavior Essay -- Biology, Herman Brain D

Herman Brain Dominance (HBD): Ned Hermann improved his model of Brain Dominance in 1979. His Whole Brain Model (Herman, 1995) combines Roger Sperry's left/right brain theory and Paul MacLean's triune model (primitive, intermediate and rational brain) to produce a quadrant model based on the task- specific performance of the physical brain. Each quadrant is described to have an ideal style of learning and preferences for individual types of learning behavior. Quadrant A is logical-analytical, Quadrant B is sequential-organized, and Quadrant C is emotional and interpersonal, while Quadrant D is visual, holistic and innovative. Depending on the relative functioning of these quadrants, he classifies individuals as humanists, theorists, organizers and innovators. In this context, it has been found that individuals with ADHD are right-brain dominant in their information processing and learning styles, resulting in being more creative than those with left-brain dominant styles (Jensen , 1998). These two models focus on characterizing learners. There has been much further work in characterizing the Cognitive Styles of different learners, such as the work of Furnham (1995) and Ramsden (1992) on Whole/Analytic organization and processing of information, and Verbal/Imagery representation of information. However, there is some debate about whether Cognitive Style should be considered part of Learning Style: â€Å"LS are more in terms of processes than outcomes† (Duff, 2003, pp.5). Sadler-Smith (2001) also brings out in their discussion that Cognitive Style and LS are independent. Dunn and Dunn: Dunn, Dunn and Price (1979) identified the factors that influence learners in terms of five types of stimuli: Environmental, Emotional, Soc... ...n. Students who are kinesthetic learners may exhibit the same symptoms that are commonly known as red-flags for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder when they are not allowed to move about in a classroom. To relieve the stress of not being able to move, they seek to break out of these constraints through uncontrollable activities. Many teachers may consider these misbehaviors to be symptoms or signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These two seemingly separate topics overlap in many instances. A better understanding of the correlation between ADHD and kinesthetic or tactile learners will help teachers, parents and practitioners gain a better understanding of the disease. A better appreciation of the disease and varied learning styles may indeed bridge this gap of understanding for this commonly diagnosed, yet controversial childhood disease.

Iago’s Manipulation in Act One of Shakespeares Othello :: Othello essays

Iago’s Manipulation in Act One of Othello The events that occur in the first half of Act 1 are all in anticipation of the lead character Othello who we are not immediately introduced too. We learn Iago’s name in the second line of the play and Roderigo’s soon after, but Othello is not mentioned by his name once. Instead he is referred to as ‘he’, ‘him’ and is frequently described as ‘the moor’ (1.1.58) he is also described as having ‘thick lips’ (1.1.67) and later as being a ‘Barbary horse’ (1.1.111) is continuously described by his critics, mainly Iago, as a ‘moor’, demonstrating Iago’s frequently concerning nature of race and also portraying Othello as something of an alien. From this reference we are able to immediately understand Iago’s true feelings and motives for Othello. The audience at this point know nothing of Othello that is gained by their own opinion, instead we are lead to believe from Iago’s race related description that Othello is a threatening and evil moor, whose beastial sexual appetite, conveyed by Iago’s cries to Brabantio, telling him that ‘an old black ram is tupping’ his ‘white ewe’ (1.1.89), is something of a rapist. Iago’s coarse animal related language conveys Iago’s feelings against Othello’s marriage in a much more pronounced way. The image of an ‘old black ram’ gives the audience nothing but negative images of Othello, especially when this ‘old black ram’ is being associated with the innocence of a ‘white ewe’. Iago then associates Othello with the image of ‘the devil’ (1.1.92) because of Othello’s colour, Iago warns Brabantio that he has ‘lost half [his] soul’ now that Desdemona is married to Oth ello. Iago here emphasises the biracial nature of the marriage, already showing his ability to manipulate people, in this case he is manipulating Brabantio, to believe in Iago’s own opinions and in theory to eliminate all thoughts that Brabantio might of had of his own about the marriage. Despite the negative foregrounding of Othello’s character by Iago, our first impressions of Othello in Act 1 are of a noble and well-spoken man, his nobility is conveyed through his speech ‘most potent grave and reverend signiors’(1.3.76) to his future father-in-law Brabantio of Othello’s love for his daughter Desdemona in Act 1 Scene 3. This is a very different character to what we expect from Iago’s preparation for the introduction of Othello. Where we are expecting an angry and possibly violent character, we instead are met with something completely surprising, a quiet and calm man who dismisses Roderigo’s insult and even avoids the prospect of a conflict.

Immanuel Kant and the Ethics of Leadership Essay

In chapter three of The Ethics of Leadership, Joanne B. Ciulla, introduces the moral philosophy of Prussian philosopher, Immanuel Kant, who developed a set of ethics to guide our decisions and help us judge whether certain actions are morally correct. Kant’s moral theory does not look at all into consequences and has a very strict view of morality which can sometimes conflict between duty and self-interest. Ciulla mentions the story of David and Bathsheba in the Bible and asserts, â€Å"Leaders are often tempted to lie because they believe they either won’t get caught, or they can cover up their lies. † (Ciulla, 94) This assertion rings ever so true in light of the recent scandals involving the increase in U. S. politicians that have confessed to adultery. As marriage and family are often regarded as a basis of society, a story of adultery often shows the conflict between social pressure and individual struggle for happiness. Adultery is a very American topic. We have been redefining the parameters of its acceptability and taboo with each new generation since the Scarlet Letter. Why is American society becoming so obsessed with these types of scandals and what does it say about the morality of our society? Perhaps society is not solely obsessed with the adultery itself; maybe society is more obsessed with its leaders â€Å"fall from grace†. Sexual affairs have been a part of U. S. politics since Thomas Jefferson. However, politicians’ affairs were generally kept outside the purview of the public eye. Over the years we have began to see a change. Society is somehow fascinated with the whole idea of adultery and the entertainment industry celebrates it and portrays it mostly in a very romantic light. I am guilty of watching shows such as â€Å"The Good Wife†, a show about the wife and family of a politician involved in a sexual scandal or â€Å"Desperate Housewives† that romanticize and make adultery seem like the right thing to do if you need a little excitement in your life. Perhaps by watching TV shows like this, one is being conditioned to do what makes him or her happy or do whatever feels good or â€Å"right†. Oftentimes, whatever feels â€Å"right† is described as whatever comes easily or naturally for an individual. Our society seems obsessed with finding â€Å"happiness† which the Kantian philosophy totally opposes. According to Kantian philosophy, every one of us is a moral agent. We give the moral law to ourselves by asking ourselves if we are doing the right thing only for sake of doing the right thing. One may never find happiness, feel comfortable making the â€Å"right†, or morally correct decision under the Kantian philosophy. The morally valued thing in the universe is the rational human being that can give the law to himself or herself and our moral actions should be treating human beings as morally valuable. According to Kant, we should never treat a human being in such a way that we fail to respect the intrinsic human dignity of the human being. In essence, we should never treat anyone as a means to an end or treat a person against his or her dignity. Now let us return to the issue of the politician and his or her effectiveness as a leader. Is the morality of the message dependent upon the morality of the messenger? Although the morality of the message is NOT dependent upon the morality of the messenger, I think that the message has a far greater impact coming from someone who practices or lives it on a daily basis. Perhaps Americans are so fascinated with politicians’ and their adulterous scandals given that they presented a false image of themselves. It would be refreshing to have a politician simply be honest and say, â€Å"I’m not currently living up to this ideal, but I do value it†. Granted that could cost a politician the election but that would be the right thing to do according to Kant.

Gender Roles in Latin America Essay

With only 10 percent of people claiming themselves to be natives, Latin America is considered as one of the most diverse regions in the world. Due to this ethnic and racial diversity, tracing the roots of gender issues by associating with a single group or factor might not reveal the truth. However, some objective factors like lower pay scales for women and labour force participation provide considerable objectivity to reckon the area in terms of gender issues (De Ferranti 77&78). Chile represents a variant region of Latin America which has gone through multiple phases in terms of gender roles and position. The period of coup d’etat against President Salvador Allende in the country is also considered as a time of human rights era (Cleary 1). In this context, women faced dual exploitation – first as Chilean natives and then as suppressed part of the society. The military take over resulted in some of the most gruesome tortures against women thereby becoming a primary reason of insurrection in the later period. However, this insurrection was partly related to the exiles of thousands of women from Chile who during the time of exile actively participated in bringing a paradigm shift. Rapid Industrialization and economic development in 1940s at one hand opened vistas for Latin American women by proving job opportunities, but the same phenomenon also served to debilitate their status and power. According to Julio Ceasar Pino, the economic development led to entrance in professional field but with a limitation to enter the corporate level thereby making them considered as futile presence (1). The letters of Marjorie Agosin and Emma Sepulveda in 1960s provide a firsthand view of gender roles in Latin America during the concerned times. Coupled with stringent orthodoxy, the society portrayed in the letters is one that defines a fine line as to what was expected of women in the twentieth century. The chronicles portray that makeup was considered to besmirch the purity of women, their obligations coalesced with child birth and development, their duty to be in the kitchen to cook at parties even with servants were present and where in families men always won (1-14). Behind the shift from stark gender roles division to the acceptance of women in economy, politics and society, there lies a strong role of women movements emerging in the late twentieth century. Today, Latin American women have seats in governmental offices and have Ministries (De Ferranti 81). However, for the share of changing roles that women in Latin America enjoy today is due to a far greater oppression of the gender in past that has led to a slow, but ongoing process of amelioration. Works Cited Agosin, Marjorie, and Emma Sepulveda. Amigas : Letters of Friendship and Exile. US: Texas Press, 2001. Cleary, Edward L. The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1997 De Ferranti, David M. , Guillermo E. , and Francisco Ferreira. Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean : Breaking with History? Washington, D. C: World Bank Publications, 2004 Pino, Julio Cesar. â€Å"Teaching about Women and Underdevelopment in Latin American History. † History Teacher 34. 3 (01 May 2001): 353-360. ERIC. EBSCO. Capella University. US. 10 May 2009 .

Policing in American Society

Policing in American Society Kathleen Kloos CJA 214 November 8, 2011 Douglas Edwards Policing in American Society The relationship between the U. S. government and all policing organizations throughout the U. S. is necessary because policing organizations cannot function without government support. Government provides support in the form of training, civilian staff, funding, corrections, and judicial support (Grant, 2008). Administrative support from the U. S. overnment can be seen by looking at the Office of the Coroner, which has the responsibility to investigate violent or suspicious deaths. This office determines cause of death and provides the proof of a homicide, or crime, to the law enforcement agency to pursue criminal charges. U. D. government changed their structure in regards to law enforcement and investigation after the events of September 11, 2001. Many departments and agencies became restructured to answer to either the Department of Homeland Security or the Department of Justice (Grant, 2008.The Department of Homeland Security oversees: Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Transportation Security Administration (TSA) U. S. Coast Guard U. S. Secret Service The Department of Justice is in charge of: Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives U. S. Marshals Service Federal Bureau of Prisons The relationship between the U. S. government and policing agencies can be described as co-dependent.Neither can exist without the other. Decisions handed down by the U. S. Supreme court dictate future police procedures. Cases such as Mapp v. Ohio, Miranda v. Arizona, and Fuhrman v. Georgia have changed the way police agencies investigate and charge offenders who eventually end up in prison. Police are no longer able to question a suspect without first advising the suspect of their Miranda rights (Miranda v. Ariz ona). Illegal search and seizure is no longer admissible in court (Mapp v. Ohio).Cruel and unusual punishment is no longer tolerated (Fuhrman v. Georgia) (AllGov, 2011). The criminal justice system exists by making each branch dependent upon the other. Police agencies investigate the crime, take custody of the suspect, recommend charges to be filed against the offender, then hand the case off to the judicial branch to adjudicate. Once the case has been tried, if the defendant has been convicted, or pled guilty, the corrections department takes over and makes sure the defendant serves his/her sentence.The impact of this relationship on American society insures that the citizens of this country feel safe. The impact shows criminals that society will not tolerate crimes against society. This relationship is a constant work in progress. Just like any relationship. References Gov, A. (2011). AllGov. Retrieved from http://www. allgov. com/Agency/Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Center Gra nt, H. B. , & Terry, K. J. (2008). Law Enforcement in the 21st Century (2nd ed. ). Unknown, AZ: Pearson Education.

Exploited Latin Women

The European conquest of the New World altered the lives of indigenous women. European women did not arrive to the New World only for years after the initial invasions. Indian women were continuously exploited in the form of labor, catering, and sexual gratification. Elite Indian women were able to gain a somewhat privileged position through their liaisons with the European men. As more and more European women began to arrive in the New World, Indian women were confined to the bottom of the ethnic and class hierarchy. â€Å"A particular concern of the colonists was that their â€Å"purity of blood† be preserved, meaning that no black or Indian people could enter into the family lineage. This in return caused careful controlling of women†s behavior. Under the regulation of patria potestad, women remained under the legal authority of their fathers until marriage, when authority was transferred to their husbands.† During the nineteenth century women†s public life was limited. Women also still remained legally minors. There were some advances in education which helped some women to enter into professions. There were also alterations of civic codes which ultimately abolished the patria potestad laws in many countries. Latin American women entered the 20th century with better education and legal status but with still restricted roles. Women initiated campaigns for equal political and civil rights. But despite some gains they continued to be discriminated, shaped by machismo, and poor women faced the double duty of family and employment. â€Å"According to historical records almost 30 percent of households in the city of Sao Paulo in 1765, were headed by women that were single, married whose husbands were absent, or widows. By 1802, this rose to 44 percent, falling to 39 percent by 1836.† This was due to the need of male labor migration in an economy based primarily on plantation agriculture. Taking the average age of female heads it is noticed that the female heads are an average of 7 years older than male heads. Many of the female heads are widows. Female heads earn less income than their male counter parts and on an average have less education than the males. One of the most notable characteristics of today†s poverty in Latin America is the growing number of women among the poor. â€Å"Today about 20 percent of the poorest households in Latin America are headed by women, but in some cities the percentage rises to almost 38 percent. A review of 22 studies of women-headed households in Latin America reveals that there is a strong correlation between female head-ship and poverty, and that such households are increasing in number.† There are many reasons why we are seeing a rise in the number of households headed by women which are in poverty. Women have less access to land, credit and technologies, therefore women farmers have to work longer hours and they have fewer assets and lower incomes than men farmers. Female headed households are likely to be poorer than male-headed households because they have fewer working members of the family, they have lower average wage earnings, less access to jobs and productive resources. Most Latin American women have less education than men. These are some of the key reasons why we are seeing a increase in poor households headed by women. There are more and more women working as wage laborers. † Fruit companies in Chile rely exclusively on women for harvesting, processing, and packing fruit. In Columbia women cultivate and pack flowers. In general they are paid less than men. In Honduras for example women are paid 70 percent of the male wage for performing the same tasks in tobacco cultivation.† It is clear that the women who do participate in the labor force and have the same education level as men are discriminated from men. Discrimination is clearly an important factor. It is not so much that female -headed households have lower incomes because of them having more children or fewer adults, but clearly the head of the household being a female, earns less. Because there are many women who lack education and skills, women in formal sector employment tend to be clustered in jobs that offer little potential for training or advancement. â€Å"In Brazil, Chile, and Peru over 50 percent of economically active women work in the service sector (1988).† Most of the women who do have better paying jobs in the formal sector are self employed. Usually self-employment doesn†t have much growth potential. The problem with women in the workforce doesn†t stop there. In households where there is a male head of the house, a women†s income is still highly depended on. Female income is often a secondary or tertiary source of income. Many rural families rely upon the work of its female members for most of its food. Traditionally the money earned by men is used only for corn and firewood, forcing the wife to develop her own income in order to provide for other family necessities. With less and less land becoming available for cultivation and unable to produce enough corn for the year, the men are forced to find additional income in order to supplement what they can grow. Female economic development has been hampered by the fact that women have found themselves utilizing traditional skills and market connections first established by their mothers and grandmothers. Rarely has a women ventured into learning a new kind of work. â€Å"Complete reliance on traditional skills has limited the economic growth of women.† Women seem to be moving away from the traditional family businesses. Within the last generation the women are going from traditional women†s work to more modern employment. The traditional model is one in which the daughters help their mothers with their family business and in the process learn enough to initiate the same type of business after they marry. The daughter usually starts helping her mother with her business around the age of nine or ten doing small but helpful jobs. By the time the daughter reaches puberty she is a competent and efficient worker. It is at this time that their daughters are a valuable asset. During the daughters teenage years the business is at its peak production. † When the daughter marries at 19 or 20 the mother daughter arrangement ends as the new bride turns her attention to her new home, and then the mother must rely on the younger daughters† to help with the family business. Then the older daughter becomes an asset to her new mother-in-law. The use of family members is very important for their business. Children replace workers that otherwise may need to be hired to run the business. Family members usually are more efficient and the families probably could not bare the financial expense of hired workers. Women in the work force have problems, but they also have problems within their families as well. The female as we have seen is depended on for financial income. At the same time the female has extended responsibilities and concerns at home. Along with working outside the home the female is generally the care taker in raising the children and doing domestic chores around the home. In general the females control the families domestic budget but this seems to be dropping with the rising standard of living of the town. â€Å"Stable marriages are rare, women believe, due to the inevitable failings of men whom they consider to be hopelessly unreliable.† Women of Latin America believe men do their best to live up to their insensitive macho behavior. Men believe they do not need to explain their intemperate behavior. Many Latin American men grow up to expect servitude and obedience from their wives. â€Å"Women are socialized to fulfill their subordinate, long-suffering roles passively, accepting male responsibility, wickedness, and foolishness as their destiny. Thus, women enter into a marital union expecting the worse from their spouses.† â€Å"Expected to succumb to his domination, she is both defenseless and immobilized.† More and more Latin American women with time are acting to protect their own interests. â€Å"More educated women are demanding more equality in marriage through the use of birth control. While they value the maternal role they are understanding the rising costs of having children and want more from the marital relationship than motherhood. They want their husbands to respect and trust them, and to forego extramarital affairs and other forms of abuse.† Today in Rio de Janeiro there are five police stations that exist solely to handle crimes against women. â€Å"While Brazil has advanced from military dictatorship toward democracy violence against women remains endemic. The first national study of the problem, in 1992, reported an average of 337 assaults on women daily.† Feminists in Brazil in 1985 made a serious gain with the establishment of the women†s police stations. Feminists moved for this because they believe male policemen don†t take wife beating seriously. â€Å"They see it as a domestic argument that has nothing to do with them and is certainly not a crime.† On paper, Brazil†s women have made great gains in recent years. The country†s 1988 constitution bans discrimination against women, requires the state to combat violence against them and mandates 120 days of maternity leave. In reality there still remains traditional theories of women†s behavior and much discrimination.

Biography of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

I turned this world upside down, a young novel by Martin Luther King (1). A day when Martin Luther saw a dream, the world would be different, we promised to be free. Until he informed the world, this dream is rising. He was born in Atlanta's house on Tuesday, January 15, 1929. Martin was the eldest son, but he has sisters named Kristen. His parents were Martin Luther King Sr. and King Williams of Alberta. When he is young, he can sing and play baseball hymen. Biography of Martin Luther King (Jr.) (15th January 1929 - 4th April 1968) was born in Michael Luther King, his name has been changed as follows. Martin. His grandfather served as pastor of a pastor of Ebenezer Baptist church in Atlanta from 1914 to 1931. Since then, his father has served, and from 1960 until he died, Martin Luther served as a common pastor. - Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr Martin Luther King, Jr. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, January 15, 1929. His parents are Martin Luther King, Senior. And Alberta Williams Ki ng. His father is an important member of the black community in Atlanta and also the minister of the Baptist church. His family emphasized reliable reliance on the need for education. Kim joined a local public school that was isolated and devoted to learning. At the age of 15, Kim studied at the Morehouse University and graduated in 1948. Dr. Martin Luther King, a biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, was born on January 15, 1929 (9). Martin Luther King Jr. began attending a 3 year old kindergarten in 1932 (3 years old). A year after I went to elementary school, after Martin Luther King declined school, I learned that his second grade teacher was 5 years old. - During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, some black and white supporters played a courageous role. The most prominent and long-term activist of the African-American rights movement is Martin Luther King Jr., and Kim's idea stimulated the ideal perspective of equality. Martin Luther King Jr. made a strong speech by fighti ng for equality, performing a parade, maintaining a positive attitude in the face of adversity Martin Luther King Jr., Martin Luther King Jr. not only explains the purpose but also expresses a distinctive style. He is an inspiring speaker, an inspiring leader. Inspired by the speech and action, Dr. Martin Luther King stimulated his importance in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. - On April 22, 1967, James Earl Ray (James Earl Ray) escaped from prison in Missouri and was convicted of armed robbery on April 22, 1967. Lei hatred of black population and support for Nazism has contributed his right to assassinate secretly among pacifist leader Martin Luther King (Martin Luther King, Jr.). In times, Martin Luther King (Martin Luther King, Jr.), a powerful political, religious belief, his latent existence as Martin Luther King (Martin Luther King, Jr.) erased, as many people accused him promoting equality between black and white Making a target target Biography of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968 Biography of Dr. Martin Luther King Nationality of America: American occupation: Civil rights leader Occupation: Minister (religion) Michael King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 It was. Atlanta's grandfather, Adam Daniel Williams (1863 - 1931). He is the second son, Michael King Sr. (1897 - 1984) and Alberta Christine Williams King (1903 - 1974) the first son. Michael Jr. has sister Willie Christine (born in 1927) and his brother Alfred Daniel Williams (b). Martin Luther King Jr., Martin Luther King Jr. not only explains the purpose but also expresses a distinctive style. He is an inspiring speaker, an inspiring leader. Inspired by his wonderful speech and action Dr. Martin Luther King stimulated his importance in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. - On April 22, 1967, James Earl was convicted of armed robbery and fled to Missouri State Prison on April 22, 1967. Hatred for Lei's black group and his support for Nazism have fueled his ri ght to assassinate secretive pacifist leader Martin Luther King (Jr.). At that time, a strong political and religious belief of Martin Luther King (Jr.) made him a potential target. Because many people accused him of promoting equality between African Americans and Caucasians. Biography of Martin Luther King (Jr.) (15th January 1929 - 4th April 1968) was born in Michael Luther King, his name has been changed as follows. Martin. His grandfather served as pastor of a pastor of Ebenezer Baptist church in Atlanta from 1914 to 1931. Since then, his father has served, and from 1960 until he died, Martin Luther served as a common pastor. - Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr Martin Luther King, Jr. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, January 15, 1929. His parents are Martin Luther King, Senior. And Alberta Williams King. His father is an important member of the black community in Atlanta and also the minister of the Baptist church. His family emphasized reliable reliance on the need for education. K im joined a local public school that was isolated and devoted to learning. At the age of 15, Kim studied at the Morehouse University and graduated in 1948.